The authors are Roberto Fantini e Cesare Maramici. See: https://www.edizioniefesto.it/collane/lumen/665-i-mille-volti-della-meditazione If someone is interested in the text, can contact me by e-mail: maramicicesare4@gmail.com
Nowadays oriental disciplines are very popular in the West, among
them yoga and meditation. This text reflects the outcome of the meetings I
have had with great meditators, many of whom I have followed courses
with.
People often choose a particular path in meditation without
getting information on the relevant context. This book aims at throwing
a light on a multitude of proposals.
According to Matthieu Ricard, "meditation is not about
emptying one's head, but about gradually becoming a better human
being. It is necessary to practice meditation in order to identify the causes
and mental toxins which are disturbing, and to free ourselves from inner
conflicts" (p. 71).
There are essentially two paths: the
first one requires a very
serious engagement in a well-structured tradition, with initiation
ceremonies, discipleship, etc..., while the other path is a little
lighter; through meditation, one usually looks for moments of peace and
serenity and
above all, well-being. Nowadays it is the pursuit of well-being
that is taking hold in our society, a well-being at any cost and to suit
everyone's budget.
The book is mainly structured around the three
most popular meditation proposals in the West, Tibetan Buddhist
meditation (see the Dalai Lama), yoga meditation (which is a step along
the way of samadhi) and Mindfulness meditation (a secular meditation, purified of
any esoteric aspect and the results of which are evidenced by scientific
research). The main characters around which the text is developped are:
Matthieu Ricard (a buddhist monk), Christophe Andrè (a psychiatrist) and Amadio Bianchi (a yoga master). The book
begins with their interviews where they answer a series of questions
about meditation. Then there is a simulated interview between an
experienced meditator and a sincere researcher; through a series of
questions and answers, an attempt is made to guide the reader into
the world of meditation. What is meditation, what are the main techniques of
meditation, etc.
We refer to meditators who are still, almost all of them, alive (many are part of the
Italian and French universe) and could be a reference point to start
a path. We will also introduce personalities who have tried to find a meeting point between the
various spiritual paths (see p. 111). Among these, Father Anthony Elenjimittam and the mandala of the eight
paths, Father Mariano Ballester who created the
non-profit association 'Deep Meditation and Self-Awareness (MPA)', and Father Antonio Gentili.
The Dalai Lama
invites us continuously to
experience various paths and choose the one we feel closest to, and
above all he reminds us that discipline and perseverance are needed
to get results. Westerners often enquire which is the form of
meditation that can bring out results in a short period of time and above all at
little cost (p. 60). The Buddha himself told his disciples: "Try
one path and see what happens, if it works out for you, use it, otherwise
discard it and look for something else". All researches have
confirmed that people need practicing for long periods to get results. Researchs also confirmed that our brain possesses a fantastic
property called neuro-plasticity: the ability to change
shape and function even in later life. This was demonstrated, among other studies, by the
famous case of Phineas Gage, a worker whose prefrontal area of the
brain was destroyed in an accident (1848). In 2000, Matthieu
Ricard, who obtained a doctorate in molecular biology, agreed to undergo a series of scientific experiments with Richard Davidson (p. 43), thus creating a bridge between Buddhist meditation and scientific research.
What
are the benefits of meditation? The results of these studies
are as follows: meditating produces greater activation of the
left prefrontal cortex, the one associated with positive emotions,
resilience and well-being. It strengthens immune system responses -
demonstrating a relationship between the brain and the immune system.
It reduces the activity of the right prefrontal cortex, which is
linked to negative emotions. Other research has shown that meditation
helps develop qualities such as focused attention, empathy and
compassion, which are characteristics of Buddhist meditation (p. 43).
Another important aspect is that all these techniques, once
considered esoteric, such as meditation, hypnosis, holotropic
breathing, listening to sounds and mantras, rituals or shamanic
psychology, techniques that combine breath, evocative music, bodywork
focused on energy release, artistic expression and group integration,
are now accepted in scientific medical circles. Meditation and
hypnosis are often offered to cancer patients, and often accompany
the patient in the convalescence
phase.
Jon Kabat-Zinn and
Christophe André have been using mindfulness techniques in
hospitals for many years. Mindfulness has an effect on the body and
a favourable impact on health, which is why meditation has been
integrated into medical care in Western society today. Moreover,
in recent decades it has been introduced in schools, prisons, and
companies, as it brings improvement on an emotional level. Meditation
also slows down the ageing process. Indeed, the positive effect of meditation on
telomeres has been scientifically evidenced. Telomeres are protective
caps at the ends of chromosomes that become shorter with each
cell division.
There
are some important milestones in the development of the relationship
between science and meditation: first the creation of the Mind
and Life institute, then the experiments conducted with and on Matthieu Ricard in the first brain scans, as well as on another monk
Yongey Mingyur Rimpoche, who was subject to brain scanning for 15 years (p. 45). The study that was published by
Live Science in 2020, revealed that Mingyur Rinpoche's brain ageing process appeared to
have slown down. The European community has allocated around
7 million euros for a project called Sylver Santé to test
with reliable data whether meditation can delay the ageing
process.
Now let us try to get into details about meditation using the words of Amadio Bianchi (he is the President of the European Yoga Federation and has contributed to a few paragraphs of the book): The word meditate is often misused; for the Westerner,
meditate refers to "mens" , the mental and its activity. Instead,
for the Easterner, the practice gets at going beyond the mental, in order to reach higher and extra-ordinary states of
consciousness and contemplation and to get in touch with the most spiritual part of our being,
to our true Self. We live identifying ourselves with the contents of our mind,
created above all by emotions; it is an experience shaped by the
mental; distorted images are produced which are mistaken for reality, and
so we move away from an objective vision.
How can meditation
help us? Meditation can help bring man back to the present. The most important practice is to develop detachment, to contemplate
our mind without being involved in it: it is called the way of
knowledge, to observe our thoughts and return to the present reality.
Meditation, however, is a means to better experience the present.
Meditation, by reducing mental activity, helps regenerate us, as our
cells achieve almost complete immobility. Meditation can increase
our ability to focus and concentrate; we are able to achieve physical and
material results, but above all, it helps us reconnect with our self.
The path is difficult, and it takes trust, perseverance, and an approach to meditation devoid of expectation.
What does a
person need to meditate? One needs a suitable environment, dimmed light, silence, finding the right time, having completed one's
daily duties, and a blanket because there is a slowing down of body
activities. Meditation is an invitation to prepare oneself to
listen, it involves an awakening of the state of attention, attention
will turn into awareness, and awareness will lead us to
consciousness. Life consumed without awareness is like having
never lived through it, or having lived in the dream state; the moments of
meditation are the most intensely experienced moments .
First,
meditations must be divided into two types: meditation of
suggestion and meditation of knowledge;
meditations practised in the West are suggestion meditations and
are not in line with oriental meditation. These sound-accompanied
guided meditations are considered propaedeutic, they produce the right
conditions to eventually go further and can help bring about the
qualities necessary for knowledge meditation. During this later
meditation,
the meditator is alone, not even with a teacher. The senses are
totally annihilated and one uses the only suitable instrument -
consciousness -, to get to know the reality which is our Self. The
Self is the part of us that we have in common with all
manifestations, it is the only reality; everything else is
impermanent and does not belong to us, nothing belongs to us, we
leave everything behind when we die. We only leave with the drop
called our self. And with this drop, man goes to meet
his divine part, he tries to come into contact and know this divine
part, this is the goal of knowledge meditation.
The correct
path would consist of three steps with practical exercises:
- awakening of attention;
- attention that transforms
into awareness;
- awareness leading to consciousness;
consciousness is the appropriate tool provided by nature for the
practice of meditation.
Disidentification.
You should become a spectator of the body, of the breath, become aware of the
emotions, of your thoughts and the content of your mind.
"I am not the body, I am not the breath, I am not my emotions,
I am not the mind, but I am also the mind, the emotions, the breath,
the body". The next degree is to become aware of being aware.
The one who is making this statement is the witness within you. The
witness is a quality of your self, recognise the self and repeat 'I
am the self, I am the self, I am self'.
Buddhist teachings aim
to demonstrate impermanence, non-self (or inconsistency of self) and
nirvana (elimination of suffering or dukkha). Any teaching that
does not bear these three principles cannot be considered as a buddhism
teaching. Nothing has a separate existence or a separate self.
Everything has to interact with everything else.
Nirvana means
extinction, especially extinction of ideas - the ideas of birth
and death, existence and non-existence, coming and going, self and
other, one and many. All these ideas make us suffer.
The
Four Noble Truths are:
- The Existence of Suffering.
- The Emergence of
Suffering.
- The ending of Suffering
- The Emergence of
Well-Being.
There is a noble path (the Eightfold Path) that leads to
well-being.
They specify that in Buddhism there are two
paths: that of relaxation, samatha (mental calmness) which
should be associated with deep insight, vipassanā. (pg.151) -
Only through calmness, one could access to a state of deep vision, to get
directly in touch with true reality, and thus understand
and accept it for what it is. Both are based on attention and breath
control. At first, the mind observes the breathing or the movements
of the body, then it becomes one with them.
Following
the Western point
of view, the central point of meditation consists of three
stages: concentration, i.e. focusing all attention on an object which
is usually the breath, then letting the mind calm down and then
moving on to introspection.
Citations. "Meditation is a path to connect
with the sacred, our divine part, with our true Self".
"Meditating
is a great opportunity, an open door to infinite possibilities and
potential. Something, moreover, that is within the reach of everyone,
young and old, educated and less educated, healthy or unhealthy. To
all, meditation brings benefits, physically, mentally, spiritually.
Through meditation it is possible to rediscover oneself, recover
harmony and embark on a very specific path of self-realisation'
- Paola Giovetti (p. 9)
"At the end
of the 20th century, meditation was a sleeping beauty: it was only
practised in the silence and secrecy of monasteries, or in small
groups of initiates or the exalted. Today, in the third millennium,
everything has changed: meditation has become a fashionable
phenomenon and a social fact. It is practised in full view of
everyone, in hospitals and schools, in companies and artistic or
political circles' - Christophe André (p. 12)
"Most of the time, our instinctive and clumsy
search for happiness is based on deceptions and illusions, rather
than on reality, and so we wear ourselves out trying to shape the
world to make it fit our fantasies, or we artificially alter our
states of consciousness. Would it not be better to transform our
minds?" - Matthieu Ricard (p. 15)
"Never
forget that your life passes so quickly, like a flash in the summer
sky or a hand sign. Now that you have the opportunity to practise, do
not waste a moment. Consecrate all your energy to the spiritual
path”. - Dilgo Khyentsé Rinpoche (p. 31)
"Meditation
or other disciplines enable man to access, step by step, the way,
his true nature, the Buddha nature, and through this path man can
liberate his true Being. It is a path to the highest state of
consciousness to which man can attain, and through which he opens
himself to contact with the living Absolute in its essential core. It
is through severe discipline and humbly repeated action without
ceasing that man gradually becomes imbued with the living Essence of
all things in the unconscious depths of his individual self and
prepares himself for the Great Union with the Whole" -
Karlfried Graf Durckheim (p. 34)
"Awareness of
the interconnectedness of the whole with the whole can only lead to
deep and compassionate civic and social responsibility." "In
meditation there must be no separation between subject and object,
between inside and outside. So when we sit in zazen, we are already
inside, there is no inside and outside, and we recognise ourselves as
One with the whole" - Dario Doshin Girolami (p.
90)
"Let our message be our own life." "Mindfulness
is the full awareness of the present moment". "Meditation
is not an escape from, but a peaceful encounter with reality" - Thich
Nhat Hanh (p. 93)
'In reality, you are also your thoughts, your beliefs, etc.,
but not only those: you are above all the consciousness in which they
appear. You are Everything: the observer and the observed, what
changes (thoughts, perceptions, sensations) and what does not
change (consciousness), you are the sea and the waves' - Mauro Bergonzi (p.
118)
For Pope Francis, in fact, meditating must mean
"going to the encounter with Jesus, but always guided by the
Holy Spirit". In short, some methodological experience coming
from other religious universes may well be welcomed within the
practice of Christian prayer, but this must not in any way introduce
different doctrinal perspectives, nor insinuate theological doubts,
nor contaminate or languish the dogmatically defined contents of the
Catholic Creed. (p. 111).
Meditation is the medicine of the
mind, a technique for returning from the artificial state (the mind
that lies) to the natural state (p. 120).
In presenting the
various meditators, as well as putting them in context, we have tried
to point
out the various nuances of meditation.
People like Tony
Parsons, one of the most radical exponents of non-dualism, have a
simple, clear and direct message: there is no one within the
body-mind called 'me', there is no individual, but there is a single
Self that lives through different forms (p. 122).
For Eckhart
Tolle, the goal of meditation is this: to re-discover Presence,
the light of Presence in us, in our inner reality. This allows us to
see thoughts, feelings, etc. in a detached way, 'to be aware, that we
are aware' (p. 138).
Some meditators depart from the three most common approaches to meditation
teaching: the first consists of observing the thoughts that pass
through our mind without dwelling on them; the second consists of
trying to control the mind, to empty our thoughts through techniques
of focusing on a precise point, e.g. a statue, a candle, the breath,
etc., to the exclusion of all else; the third approach is to merge
with the divine. They propose a different and revolutionary
approach to meditation, sitting without expecting anything, without
anything to seek. They propose developing an attitude of full presence
and letting go of the emotions you are experiencing here and now (p. 140).
The book also talks about
the role of the teacher in meditation, the relationship
between meditation and science, between Buddhism and science,
and the relationship between meditation and death.
Meditation certainly
helps us to face death as it urges us to live life to the full,
whether we are young or old. What really matters in existence is to
use the time we have left as fruitfully as possible, for our own good
and that of others. I quote the thought of Gampopa, a Buddhist
sage: 'At the beginning, one should be haunted by the fear of
death like a deer escaping a trap; halfway through, one should have
nothing to regret, like the farmer who tilled his field with care. In
the end, one should be as happy as one who has accomplished a great
feat' (p. 53).
A possible meeting point is the fact that
both Buddhism and science have experimentation as their
main focus. Richard Feynman said: 'The principle of science is
as follows: The text of knowledge is the experiment; it is the sole
judge of scientific truth'. And here is how the Dalai Lama echoes
him: 'When the question of validating the truth of a certain
assertion arises, Buddhism places the greatest authority in
experience, then in reason, and lastly in scripture' (p. 163).
The goal of
meditation is to arrive at a state of awakening, to perceive reality
differently and to an experience known as enlightenment, which
involves a perfectly clear vision of things.
The regular
practice of meditation leads to a personal condition described by
all meditators in terms of four elements: the absence of a kind
of outer self, emptiness, the absence of a kind of inner self and
impermanence. (p. 168). This approach converges with Buddhist
thinking of the lack of a controlling self. It is also possible to
see a correspondence between this theory of forms in modern
psychology and the impermanent character that Buddha attributed to
the five aggregates. In Buddhist doctrine, the five skandhas or
aggregates are the constituents of the empirical person, namely: form
(rūpa); sensation (vedanā); perception (saññā); karmic
formations such as habits, unconscious reflexes, (saṅkhāra);
consciousness (viññāna).
Relationship
between science and meditation. Many great physicists and Nobel
laureates of the 20th century consider consciousness as the foundation
of the world, something that includes everything.
"Absolute knowledge is a
totally non-intellectual experience of reality, an experience that
arises from a non-ordinary state of consciousness, which can be
called a meditative or mystical state" - Fritjof Capra (p.169). He
wrote the Tao of Physics and sentences from this text are
written at CERN in Geneva (The European Organisation for Nuclear
Research) under a statue of Shiva Nataraja donated by the Indian
government.
John Hagelin (1954 -) is a world-renowned
American quantum physicist, and says: "We must
assume the existence of a conscious, intelligent mind. This mind is
the matrix of all matter." Max Planck (1858-1947) asserted: "The consciousness is the main basis and matter is a derived from
consciousness. We cannot go beyond consciousness and everything we
talk about, everything we consider to exist, postulates consciousness."
David Bohm
(1917-1992), an American physicist and philosopher wrote, with Jiddu Krisnamurti, the book
Where Time Ends. He said: "Consciousness is the vessel that
contains everything, absolutely everything that happens in the
universe, and outside of it nothing exists".
Erwin
Schrödinger (1887-1961), Nobel Prize winner for physics came
into contact with Indian philosophy around 1918, through the writings
of Schopenhauer. He said 'Consciousness is the foundation of
existence beyond the brain and whatever we can imagine, hypothesise
or intuit'. Amit Goswami (1936 - ), Indian quantum physicist,
is the pioneer of a multidisciplinary scientific paradigm based on
the primacy of consciousness, known as 'Science within
consciousness'.
Werner Karl Heisenberg (1901-1976) was a
German physicist. and one of the main originators of quantum
mechanics. Fritjof Capra says about him: In 1929 Heisenberg
spent time in India, as a guest of the famous Indian poet
Rabindranath Tagore, with whom he had long conversations about
Indian science and philosophy. This introduction to Indian thought
brought Heisenberg great comfort, he told me. He began to see that
the recognition of relativity, interconnectedness and impermanence as
fundamental aspects of physical reality, which had been so difficult
for him and his fellow physicists, was the very basis of Indian
spiritual traditions. After these conversations with Tagore, he said,
"some of the ideas that had seemed so crazy suddenly made a lot
more sense. This was a great help to me'.
Fred Alan Wolf wrote
the text
The yoga of time travel: How the mind can defeat time.
Albert Einstein in 1930, met Nobel Prize winner for literature
Rabindranath Tagore in Berlin, thanks to their mutual friend Dr.
Mendel.
